Beothuk

• People / language: Beothuk people; Beothuk language (classification unresolved — possibly Algonquian, possibly an isolate; the record is too thin to settle it)
• Region: Island of Newfoundland, present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

STATUS

Extinct — people and language. Shanawdithit, described in the record as the last known full-blooded Beothuk, died on 6 June 1829 in St. John's. With her death the Beothuk were declared extinct as a distinct people, and no speaker of the language remained.

THE COUNT

• At the time Shanawdithit was taken (April 1823): she told William Cormack that, to her knowledge, only a dozen Beothuk survived at that time. (Account recorded by Cormack, winter 1828–29; summarised in the Beothuk literature.)
• Early 19th century, estimates disagree widely: population estimates for the end of the first decade of the 1800s vary from about 150 to 3,000. This register gives both ends of that range and picks neither — the surviving record does not support a single figure.
• By 1768: one encyclopaedia summary puts the Beothuk at fewer than 400 people, pushed north and subsisting on the Exploits River system (Encyclopedia.com, "Beothuk," drawing on the standard histories).
• 1829: zero. After 6 June 1829 there is no documented Beothuk speaker or self-governing Beothuk community.

No pre-contact population figure is entered here: no sourced count meeting this register's standard was located, so none is invented.

WHAT HAPPENED

Documented causes, at evidence level:

• Loss of access to food sources — displacement from the coasts by European settlement cut the Beothuk off from the marine foods (seals, salmon, shellfish) their economy depended on; inland subsistence could not support them, producing undernourishment and starvation.
• Infectious disease — smallpox introduced by European contact, and endemic tuberculosis, which weakened and killed members including Shanawdithit herself, her mother, and her sister.
• Violent encounters with trappers and settlers, including killings and captures (e.g., the 1819 killing of Chief Nonosbawsut and capture of Demasduit, Shanawdithit's aunt).
• A disputed claim, recorded as disputed: that French bounties induced Mi'kmaq to kill Beothuk is alleged in some accounts but is disputed by most historians and is known in the scholarship as the "Mercenary Myth." It is not stated here as fact.

WHAT SURVIVES

• Shanawdithit's ten drawings made for Cormack in St. John's (winter 1828–29), depicting the island, Beothuk implements and dwellings, and Beothuk notions and myths — the only first-person Beothuk account.
• Beothuk vocabulary she taught Cormack as she explained the drawings, preserved in his notes — a fragmentary word record, not a grammar or text corpus. The language cannot be reconstructed to speaking from what survives.
• Archaeological sites (e.g., Boyd's Cove), museum holdings, and the Beothuk Interpretation Centre. There is no Beothuk descendant community to lead a revival; remembrance is carried by neighbouring Indigenous nations and by Newfoundland institutions.

The count this entry stands in (added 2026-10-30). Severed by land, the Beothuk stands as the one named Class A people for the land now called Canada — a stated floor, the Canadian long tail unworked; the Canada-severed statement, with the Class B Canadian lines held apart and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians' check named as owed, stands in the Genocide Record: [framing-and-findings.md](../genocide/framing-and-findings.md).

SOURCES

• Cormack's record of Shanawdithit (1828–29), as summarised in "Beothuk people," Wikipedia, accessed Oct 2026 — dozen survivors at her taking; ten drawings; death 6 June 1829 of tuberculosis.
• Ingeborg Marshall, A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996) — standard history cited throughout the secondary record.
• Encyclopedia.com, "Beothuk" (Gale) — fewer than 400 by 1768; three female survivors by 1823.
• EBSCO Research Starters, "Shanawdithit" — biography, Cormack / Beothuk Institution, death at 28.